Creation of glucose in a plant

First, the carbon is created from cell respiration or from decaying organisms. 

Then the water arrives to the plant thought the tap roots, root hairs, or primary roots. The water then gets carried from the roots to leaves through transpiration. Transpiration includes cohesion, adhesion, and evaporation. The water is carried  in the xylem locate in the stem of the plant. 

The water is then split by photo system two. The oxygen is released. Then wavelength 680 bumps up the electrons to another energy level. This is then taken to the electron transport chain. This process creates ATP but not e bought to survive on. Then the electrons are taken to photo system one. Wavelength 700 again excites the electrons and then these make NADPH. 

Then the carbon is taken to the Calvin cycle. This cycle adds a one carbon group to a five carbon group using carbon fixation. Rubisco is in charge of this new molecule. Then ATP and more enzymes are used to continue to change the shape of the carbon molecule. NADP is created and so is ADP. The NADPH it hen brings the hydrogen to the carbon and oxygen to form glucose. It takes about six cycle in both systems to create it. 

Overall, these different molecules are bonded together through the use of ATP, electron transport chain, and enzymes in order to create energy for the organism to use . 

Hardy Weinberg problems make up

Here are some things to remember when solving Hardy Weinberg problems:

• p² + 2pq + q² = 1 and p + q = 1
• p = frequency of the dominant allele in the population
• q = frequency of the recessive allele in the population
• p² = percentage of homozygous dominant individuals
• q² = percentage of homozygous recessive individuals
• 2pq = percentage of heterozygous individuals
• remember to check what the problem really wants you to solve for

Example Problem from : http://www.k-state.edu/parasitology/biology198/hardwein.html

You have sampled a population in which you know that the percentage of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is 36%. Using that 36%, calculate the following:
----The frequency of the "aa" genotype.
So we know the "aa" must be the recessive allele so that means q^2 is 36% because q^2 is the population

----The frequency of the "a" allele.
Now to find the allele frequency, we first have to take the square root of .36 (36%). This means that the allele frequency is 0.6 or 60%   

----The frequency of the "A" allele.  
This allele frequency can be calculated by using the equation:     p + q = 1  Then we plug in the information. q=0.6 which means p must be 0.4 or 40%

----The frequencies of the genotypes "AA" and "Aa."
We must use the  equation:p² + 2pq + q² 
Then we plug in what we know  P=.4 Q= .6 p^2 = .16  q^2 = .36. So now we know that the frequency of the genotype "AA" is 16%. Now we plug in P and Q in order to solve for 2PQ = 2(.4)(.6)= .48
This means that the allele frequency for "Aa" is 48%

If you are still confused, watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPkOAnK20kw

Plant Transpiration Lab

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/15JuPRY_mvZSS1zNies8b-cnYrgz9bdzNssRGYmUWd1Q/edit?usp=sharing

The link above is where my table can be found.

Lab Questions:

1. Transpiration is the process where a plant takes in H2O and CO2 and creates glucose (or sucrose) with the help of light energy. The two forms of light energy are wavelength 680 and wavelength 700. This energy first excites the electrons and pushes them into a higher energy level. At the same time, H2O is split, releasing CO2. The electron is then taken to the electron transport chain by a transport protein. Some ATP is created but it is not enough to sustain the plant. Then the electron is taken to another protein receptor. The carbon is put into the Calvin cycle where it is joined together with a five carbon group. It will eventually create ATP.

2. The experimental controls were the timer, temperature, and how the plant was set up.

3. The fan and heater created the most  noticeable increase in the amount of transpiration that occurred in each plant. No, some plants were not well adapted to all of this molecular movement. Some did better with the heater than with the fan.

4. The fan created the largest amount of change because it added more molecular movement to the process of transpiration.

5. The Rubber Plant and the Zebra Plant has the highest transpiration rate. Each plant had a different rate because each is adapted to a specific biome.

6. If the plant's stomata were on the top, then the release of O2 and H2O would be slowed. Also, the intake of light would be less because the wavelengths would also have to go through the jelly.

7. The plant must loose water through transpiration because the weight of the water could weaken the stems. Additionally, too much water could throw of the balance of homeostasis in the plant.

Plant hormones: Auxin, Abscisic Acid, and Ethylene

Plants need hormones just like we do in order to continue homeostasis.

Auxin is a hormone in charge of  mainly growth (cell elongations) but also has other functions such as:

- elongation of cells

- root growth 

- cell division 

- stimulate flower growth

- stimulate fruit growth 

- promote the creation of ethylene

And much much more. Information can be found at: http://www.plant-hormones.info/auxins.htm

The next hormone I will describe is Ethylene. This hormone is gaseous that is mainly in charge of fruit ripening. It also has one of the
simplest structures. 

This hormones functions are: 

- stimulate root growth 

- stimulates fruit to ripen 

- induction of femaleness in dioecious flowers 

- stimulates flower opening 

And more. Information found at: http://www.plant-hormones.info/ethylene.htm

The last hormone is Abscisic Acid. This hormone is mainly in charge of abscission of fruits and bud dormancy. 
This hormones functions are:
- inhibit shoot growth but doesn't affect roots as much
- Induces seed to store protein 
- induce maintenance dormancy 
- stimulates closure of stomata 

Information from:  http://www.plant-hormones.info/abscisicacid.htm

Flower Day!!!

Flower Observations

Flowers have both male and female parts. They can either reproduce by the transfer of their pollen on insects or animals, or they can reproduce themselves. The Female parts are the pistil which is a group of carpels. Each carpel has an ovary that makes the ovules (the eggs that can be fertilized). The male reproductive parts of the flower are stamens. They are made up of an anther and a filament. The anther creates pollen. The pollen will then either be transferred or will it will fertilized  the eggs already present.   The fertilization of an ovule is called pollination. The ovules will then develop into seeds in the ovary. The flowers that have both male and female organs are called perfect flowers. The flowers that only have single sex organs are called imperfect flowers.

Information above from : http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/printouts/floweranatomy.shtml

 

My Observations:

This flower had soft colorful petals that seemed to attract insects. Their leaves were a dark green color l, probably to help absorb sunlight. The flowers on the bush were evenly spaced out on the branches. The bush was tall an almost seemed like a small tree. The reproductive organs are protected by the petals allowing insects to have access.  

This flower has large open head and mutiple flower heads are on a single stem. The petals are soft and colorful, attracting insects. Pollen can be found on the inside of the petals and on the anthers. The leaves are thin and small but there are many on the bush. 

This flower has soft petals and an open head. The flower hads are more spaces  out on the bush. The leaves are waxy and the stems have thorns on the for protection. The stamens are in the middle of the flyover head an are a yellow color. The scent of the flower is also very strong.

This flowering plant has tall towers of flower heads. They are a light purple flower protected by a hard casing with thorns.I couldn't find the the male reproductive organs but the female organs are clustered in the center. The stem of the plant has large leaves to collect a large amont of sunlight. The leaves also have a wxy coating on them. 

 

 

  This slower has soft petals with a few flower on the stems. The leaves are thin and stringy and have sharp edges. All the reproductive organs are in the center of the flower. The stems are easily bent and  malliable. The center of the flower seems to have small petals in the center of the flower. I think they might be to protect the stamens.

 

 

Pintrest

 

 

"The Human Bumblebee"

Who is in charge here? The plants or the bees? Yes, the bees may feel like they are in control, but the flowers are the ones who attracted the bees in the first place. Through natural selection and evolution, flowers have "learned" to manipulate the bees into carrying their pollen from flower to flower, thus allowing them to reproduce.

Taken by Joaquin Gasper

 

The relationship between the bee and the flower is known as "coevolution." This means that "the two parties act on each other to advance their individual interests but wind up trading favors"(Pollan, P.2). The bee gets food, and the flower gets pollinated. Just like this, the potato is harvested by humans because we like its taste. In turn, the potatoes get to be cultivated. This lead to the realization that the plats are acting on us as much as we are acting on them.



Taken by Getty

 

Coevolution can also be seen in the apple because it tastes sweet to us. Also, cannabis also attracts humans because of its intoxication capabilities.  However, before this, flowers developed coevolution as a defense mechanism. Many of them originally had poison to warn other animals to leave them alone. Another reason plants are involved in coevolution is because they cant move themselves. They must rely on others to help them pollinate. Some plants developed burrs to attach to an animals fur. Plant also got us to move them into our gardens or on a farm. This is all part of nature and natural selection. Some people think that because the plants are "domesticated", they are no longer part of nature, but everything is still part of nature. Even when humans create hybrid plants, it should be considered part of natural selection. We can relate this concept to animals. Why do you think there are a lot more dogs than wolves? Its because we have domesticated dogs; therefore, the dogs have become more successful.



Owned by Discovery



Wolf v.s Rabbit Graph

The graph above depicts the population count in an artic tundra. Here, the primary consumer is the rabbit (prey) (White, yellow-green, lime-green, dark green) and the secondary consumer is the Wolf(predator). As we look at the graph, we can notice a relationship between population of the wolf and the rabbit. The population growth is determined by the amount of food and energy available, as well as the variations in each generation or species. An example of a variation is the multiple colors of fur a rabbit has. In the early generations, the rabbit population increased because their wasn't enough energy to sustain a wolf. Therefore, the wolf dies due to starvation and the imbalance of energy available for it to receive. However, the wolf population did increase when the rabbit population reached its peak and there was enough food to go around. The extra energy allowed for the wolf to reproduce. In the middle generation, we can see an example of an extinction in the case of the white rabbit. This was a result of the over-hunting of that certain type of rabbit. However, if this was actually data from a real arctic tundra, then the white rabbit would be less likely to go extinct because the color of its fur allows it to camouflage with the snow. Later, we do see that some other rabbits experience extinction but their population will eventually increase if an outside rabbit migrates into this area.