Two traits at a time, what?!?!

To day in class we talked about the different stages of meiosis. We drew pictures on the whit board to help us remember the steps: 

 Then we learn how to get the phenotype and genotype of a two trait problem 

Ch1 survival of the sickest

Main concepts: 

Ever heard of the saying, too much of a good thing, well this is the case for iron. Hemochromatosis is when the body has too much iron in its system. Iron attracts bacteria because it is what helps organisms live. We do have defense mechanisms. Chelstors are proteins that lock up iron so infection cannot reach them. A nonchromatic person has more iron, so their macrophages accidentally give bacteria an upper hand. Hemochromatosis is thought to have come from Vikings in Oder to help them come with iron deficiency. Blood letting helps solve hemochromatosis because it reduces the amount of iron in the system. 

Actual notes: 

Genetics and traits

Today in class we got our unit three test back today. Then we got strait into notes and vocabulary for the next unit on genetics. Then we did seven practice problems that had to Dow with finding the genotype and phenotype. We only dealt with one trait, but for homework we will be using two traits. We were also given steps to follow to help solve these problems. Then we took a short quiz that I got a 1 on. 

Here are my notes: 

Test number three

We had a test today on unit three. 

Operon systems and biochemistry

Today in class we took a quiz on protein synthesis. I learned that I need to study how the mRNA replicates to form the tRNA and how the tRNA is read by the ribosome. 

We then covered Operon systems. An Operon system I put in place to make sure that no energy I wasted. Operon systems are only in prokaryotes, eukaryotes use the Tata box as their control.  There are two types of systems :

Repressible and inducible. In the Pglo lab we use the Operon system from Arabinose and put it in front of the Pglo gene. It will then produce a protein that will help it grow. Overtime, the glow will fade because this system will still be creating arabinase that eats away at the arabinose. This is called biochemistry, when scientists insert genes of one organism into another to make it have that same trait. 

DNA synthesis and snoopy!

Today, we took a quiz on DNA. Them we went over the three different steps in DNA synthesis. 

1.) DNA transcription 

- first polymerase unzips DNA to form mRNA 

- reads from 3'-5' 

 

2.) RNA processing 

- puts a cap made out of guanine and tail made out of adenine around the genetic material for protection from enzymes in cytoplasm 

- splice twosome cuts out introns( incised DNA) and puts back together exons 

- now can fit through nucleic membrane 

3.) translation 

- aminocyl tRNA synthitase bonds amino acid and tRNA together

- tRNA takes amino acid to ribosome 

- reads it 5'-3' 

- start codon always AUG 

- stop codon - UAG, UAA, UGA (split ribosome apart) 

- ribosome bonds the new amino acid to the polypeptide 

- tRNA exits 

- polypeptide forms protein 

Then we did the snork activity. We were given genes that we had to create the RNA for to determine what traits to draw. 

This is the end result : 

Then we also checked the Pglo lab and notice that only certain bacteria colonies glowed under the black light

^this shows the difference eternity the ones that glow and don't glow 

Flower and hand picture response

1.) (flower) 

In the picture, there is an interesting mix of colors on the flower's petals. A few things could have happens to this flower. One option is that an aa pair allele was made during pollination and the white stripes are a recessive trait. Another option is that it is a mutation in theDNA that   caused the mixing of color.  Also, the flower could have been a result of cross breeding such as in Mendel's experiments with the pea plants.The last option is that the white stripes are a "jumping gene" and occurred randomly or responded to environmental changes. 

2.) (hand) 

In this picture, their is a human hand, obviously mutated because it has eight disgusts instead of five.  What happened was while the hand was developing, a mutation occurred in the sonic hedgehog gene. This gene sequence can be found in all limbed animals. The sonic hedgehog gene, when controlled, will mutate a mirror image of itself on the organisms limb. Here, the mirror image is not so similar, showing there was a mutating during the embryonic stage. 

Inner fish chapter 3!!! Handy dandy

Notes!!! 

Main concepts:

- all cells have the same DNA

- genes turn on and off

- hedgehog = mutates one side

- sonic hedgehog = mutates and forms a mirror image 

- all limbed animals have this sequence 

- inner fish = simulate biological tools that form bodily structures 

- connection = run deep ( DNA deep) 

Glowing DNA, oh my!!

(Absent) 

We recorded data from our bacteria experiment by testing them under a black light. The bacteria tested positive it they glowed a bright color, negative if they did not. 

We also reviewed the enzymes: 

-helicase 

-DNA polymerase III

-DNA polymerase I 

-RNA primase 

-ligase